在Linux操作系统中编程声音设备实例-红联Linux系统门户

　　Linux下的声音设备编程比大多数人想象的要简单得多。一般说来，我们常用的声音设备是内部扬声器和声卡，它们都对应/dev目录下的一个或多个设备文件，我们象打开普通文件一样打开它们，用ioctl（）函数设置一些参数，然后对这些打开的特殊文件进写操作。

　　由于这些文件不是普通的文件，所以我们不能用ANSI C（标准C）的fopen、fclose等来操作文件，而应该使用系统文件I/O处理函数（open、read、write、lseek和close）来处理这些设备文件。ioctl（）或许是Linux下最庞杂的函数，它可以控制各种文件的属性，在Linux声音设备编程中，最重要的就是使用此函数正确设置必要的参数。

　　下面我们举两个实际的例子来说明如何实现Linux下的声音编程。由于此类编程涉及到系统设备的读写，所以，很多时候需要你有root权限，如果你将下面的例子编译后不能正确执行，那么，首先请你检查是否是因为没有操纵某个设备的权限。

　　对内部扬声器编程内部扬声器是控制台的一部分，所以它对应的设备文件为/dev/console。变量KIOCSOUND在头文件 /usr /include /linux /kd.h中声明，ioctl函数使用它可以来控制扬声器的发声，使用规则为：

锟斤拷锟斤拷:
　　ioctl ( fd, KIOCSOUND, (int) tone);

　　fd为文件设备号，tone 是音频值。当tone为0时，终止发声。必须一提的是它所理解的音频和我们平常以为的音频是不同的，由于计算机主板定时器的时钟频率为1.19MHZ，所以要进行正确的发声，必须进行如下的转换：扬声器音频值=1190000/我们期望的音频值。

　　扬声器发声时间的长短我们通过函数usleep（unsigned long usec）来控制。它是在头文件/usr /include /unistd.h中定义的，让程序睡眠usec微秒。下面即是让扬声器按指定的长度和音频发声的程序的完整清单：

锟斤拷锟斤拷:
#include < fcntl.h >
#include < stdio.h >
#include < stdlib.h >
#include < string.h >
#include < unistd.h >
#include < sys/ioctl.h >
#include < sys/types.h >
#include < linux/kd.h >

/* 设定默认值 */
#define DEFAULT_FREQ 440 /* 设定一个合适的频率 */
#define DEFAULT_LENGTH 200 /* 200 微秒，发声的长度是以微秒为单位的*/
#define DEFAULT_REPS 1 /* 默认不重复发声 */
#define DEFAULT_DELAY 100 /* 同样以微秒为单位*/

/* 定义一个结构，存储所需的数据*/
typedef struct {
int freq; /* 我们期望输出的频率，单位为Hz */
int length; /* 发声长度，以微秒为单位*/
int reps; /* 重复的次数*/
int delay; /* 两次发声间隔，以微秒为单位*/
} beep_parms_t;

/* 打印帮助信息并退出*/
void usage_bail ( const char *executable_name ) {
printf ( "Usage: \n \t%s [-f frequency] [-l length] [-r reps] [-d delay] \n ",
executable_name );
exit(1);
}

/ * 分析运行参数，各项意义如下：
* "-f <以HZ为单位的频率值 >"
* "-l <以毫秒为单位的发声时长 >"
* "-r <重复次数 >"
* "-d <以毫秒为单位的间歇时长 >"
*/
void parse_command_line(char **argv, beep_parms_t *result) {
char *arg0 = *(argv++);
while ( *argv ) {
if ( !strcmp( *argv,"-f" )) { /*频率*/
int freq = atoi ( *( ++argv ) );
if ( ( freq <= 0 ) | | ( freq > 10000 ) ) {
fprintf ( stderr, "Bad parameter: frequency must be from 1..10000\n" );
exit (1) ;
} else {
result->freq = freq;
argv++;
}
} else if ( ! strcmp ( *argv, "-l" ) ) { /*时长*/
int length = atoi ( *(++argv ) );
if (length < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Bad parameter: length must be >= 0\n");
exit(1);
} else {
result->length = length;
argv++;
}
} else if (!strcmp(*argv, "-r")) { /*重复次数*/
int reps = atoi(*(++argv));
if (reps < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Bad parameter: reps must be >= 0\n");
exit(1);
} else {
result->reps = reps;
argv++;
}
} else if (!strcmp(*argv, "-d")) { /* 延时 */
int delay = atoi(*(++argv));
if (delay < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Bad parameter: delay must be >= 0\n");
exit(1);
} else {
result->delay = delay;
argv++;
}
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Bad parameter: %s\n", *argv);
usage_bail(arg0);
}
}
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
int console_fd;
int i; /* 循环计数器 */
/* 设发声参数为默认值*/
beep_parms_t parms = {DEFAULT_FREQ, DEFAULT_LENGTH, DEFAULT_REPS,
DEFAULT_DELAY};
/* 分析参数，可能的话更新发声参数*/
parse_command_line(argv, &parms);

/* 打开控制台，失败则结束程序*/
if ( ( console_fd = open ( "/dev/console", O_WRONLY ) ) == -1 ) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open console.\n");
perror("open");
exit(1);
}

/* 真正开始让扬声器发声*/
for (i = 0; i < parms.reps; i++) {
/* 数字1190000从何而来，不得而知*/
int magical_fairy_number = 1190000/parms.freq;

ioctl(console_fd, KIOCSOUND, magical_fairy_number); /* 开始发声 */
usleep(1000*parms.length); /*等待... */
ioctl(console_fd, KIOCSOUND, 0); /* 停止发声*/
usleep(1000*parms.delay); /* 等待... */
} /* 重复播放*/
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

　　将上面的例子稍作扩展，用户即可以让扬声器唱歌。只要找到五线谱或简谱的音阶、音长、节拍和频率、发声时长、间隔的对应关系就可以了。我现在还记得以前在DOS下编写出《世上只有妈妈好》时的兴奋。最后，说一些提外话，这其实是一个很简单的程序，但是我们却用了很长的篇幅，希望读者从以上的代码里能体会到写好的程序的一些方法，或许最重要的是添加注释吧。一个程序的注释永远不会嫌多，即便你写的时候觉得它根本是多余，但相信我，相信曾这样告诉我们的许多优秀的程序员：养成写很多注释的习惯。

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-13 07:09:23发表:

juego gratis ruleta download ruleta internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-704/roulette_1.html caribbean poker portal web caribbean poker portales internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-704/caribbean_poker_1.html juegos pagina internet juego pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-137/juego_pagina_1.html juegos azar internet juegos azar pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-192/juegos_azar_1.html cingular ringtone cingular ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-869/journal/572840/

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-13 07:05:25发表:

juego seguro internet juego seguro internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-833/juego_seguro_1.html free mp3 ringtones free verizon ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-869/journal/572684/ http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-582/journal/570972/ free cingular ringtone ying yang twins ringtone jugar cartas internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-160/juego_1.html jugar cartas internet keno portales keno portales http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-229/keno_1.html

72.36.211.* 于 2007-07-13 06:59:29发表:

72.36.211.* 于 2007-07-13 06:58:36发表:

72.36.211.* 于 2007-07-13 06:58:01发表:

72.36.211.* 于 2007-07-13 06:57:47发表:

72.36.211.* 于 2007-07-13 06:57:35发表:

67.181.201.* 于 2007-07-13 04:28:54发表:

ganar dinero linea ganar dinero verdadero paginas web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-334/ganar_dinero_1.html http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-328/ganar_dinero_1.html ganar dinero portal internet ganar dinero portal internet http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-90/journal/571072/ ringtones lil wayne ringtones online casino http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-995/casino_1.html online casino casino internacional paginas web casino internacional paginas web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-833/casino_internacional_1.html

71.142.76.* 于 2007-07-13 04:28:08发表:

free ringtones nextel ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-582/journal/571082/ http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-340/maquinas_tragaperras_1.html maquinas tragaperras linea maquinas tragaperras linea http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-914/casinos_espana_1.html casinos espana paginas web casinos espana portales internet juego pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-691/juego_pagina_1.html juego pagina web http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-555/journal/572206/ free cingular cell phone ringtone download free ringtone

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-13 03:28:31发表:

http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-748/journal/572686/ download free ringtones cingular ringtone juego al instante pagina internet juego al instante online http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-995/juego_al_instante_1.html http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-487/poker_1.html poker table texas poker madonna ringtone ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-167/journal/570685/ keno portales web keno paginas web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-113/keno_1.html

76.171.16.* 于 2007-07-13 02:56:28发表:

jugar apostar pagina internet juegos apuestas portal http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-216/juegos_apuestas_1.html http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-995/casino_internacional_1.html casinos internacionales paginas internet casino internacional paginas web free mobile phone ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-126/journal/572288/ download free cingular ringtone free ringtone free mp3 ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-928/journal/570945/ simple three player poker game http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-691/poker_game_1.html online poker game

68.178.39.* 于 2007-07-13 02:46:53发表:

http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-126/journal/572774/ free ringtones free cingular ringtones http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-222/casino_pagina_1.html casino pagina web casino pagina web http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-167/journal/570703/ free real music ringtones sprint 100 free ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-126/journal/572391/ lil wayne ringtone ringtone juegos azar portales web juegos azar portales internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-412/juegos_azar_1.html

213.114.34.* 于 2007-07-13 01:51:15发表:

http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-167/journal/570711/ free alltel ringtones free real ringtones juegos de azar juegos azar linea http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-696/juegos_azar_1.html juego seguro paginas web juego seguro paginas web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-487/juego_seguro_1.html free sprint ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-135/journal/572825/ free sprint ringtones jugar seguro portal web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-192/juego_seguro_1.html jugar seguro portales web

213.239.218.* 于 2007-07-13 01:42:16发表:

free nextel ringtone 100 free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-582/journal/570927/ juego pagina web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-216/juego_pagina_1.html juegos pagina web http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-927/journal/572820/ ringtones verizon ringtones http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-633/keno_1.html keno portales web keno web download games poker gratis download games poker gratis http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-696/poker_game_1.html

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-12 23:01:11发表:

casinos espana web casinos espana portales http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-41/casinos_espana_1.html gana dinero web ganar dinero portal internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-94/ganar_dinero_1.html http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-334/casino_1.html casino libre casino slot nullroulette spielregeln roulette http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-918/roulette_3.html juego video poquer juego video poquer http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-75/video_poker_1.html

203.162.27.* 于 2007-07-12 22:21:30发表:

jeu de poker en ligne http://www.freewebs.com/poker-816/poker-18.html top poker en ligne http://www.medinaarch.com/_techpark/0000010b.htm hoodia diet pill hoodia diet pill http://www.freewebs.com/casino-80/casino-4.html casino france top des casinos en ligne casino jeu jeu casino ligne http://www.freewebs.com/casino-526/jeu-casino-9.html casino jeu jeu casino ligne http://www.freewebs.com/casino-706/jeu-casino-2.html

200.89.115.* 于 2007-07-12 22:14:42发表:

http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-67/journal/572484/ ringtone cell phone ringtone selena ringtone selena ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-696/journal/572364/ ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-927/journal/572547/ free sprint ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-135/journal/572582/ free cell phone ringtones free real music ringtones sprint blackjack online black jack portales internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-696/blackjack_1.html

213.223.16.* 于 2007-07-12 21:23:11发表:

jugar gratis pagina internet jugar gratis pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-328/juego_gratis_1.html ganar premio portales internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-192/ganar_premio_1.html ganar premio internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-222/baccarat_1.html baccarat pagina internet bacara web free nokia ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-807/journal/572623/ free motorola ringtones free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-928/journal/570929/ free mobile phone ringtone

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-12 20:27:51发表:

juego interactivo http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-474/juego_1.html juegos web http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-24/journal/570770/ free nextel ringtone free ringtone kasino spiele mit echtem geld kasino spiele mit echtem geld http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-918/kasino_8.html casinos espanol casinos espana paginas internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-287/casinos_espana_1.html ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-126/journal/572678/ nextel ringtone

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-12 20:26:32发表:

http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-863/ganar_dinero_1.html ganar dinero portal ganar dinero portal juegos de azar juegos azar paginas web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-926/juegos_azar_1.html casinos descargas linea casinos descargas pagina web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-94/casino_descargas_1.html kasino on net kasino spiele http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-918/kasino_2.html http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-267/juego_al_instante_1.html juego al instante pagina internet juego al instante pagina internet

70.169.55.* 于 2007-07-12 20:10:21发表:

download games poker gratis game poker http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-340/poker_game_1.html casinos descargas web casinos descargas portales http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-229/casino_descargas_1.html ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-695/journal/571092/ ringtones download games poker gratis http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-412/poker_game_1.html download games poker gratis lil wayne ringtone free cingular ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-67/journal/572394/

71.142.76.* 于 2007-07-12 20:08:31发表:

jugar poquer linea jugar poquer linea http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-41/poquer_1.html juego al instante linea juego al instante online http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-94/juego_al_instante_1.html premios dinero pagina web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-168/premio_dinero_1.html premios dinero pagina web premio dinero portal internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-995/premio_dinero_1.html premio dinero pagina web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-168/keno_1.html keno portal web keno portales

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-12 20:06:40发表:

hoodia side effects hoodia side effects http://applesoranges.us/videos/_disc22/000000f8.htm emergency cash advance http://www.freewebs.com/cash-388/emergency-cash-advance.html emergency cash advance http://www.freewebs.com/casino-674/casino-game-5.html casino games giochi casino http://www.freewebs.com/drugs-259/buy-tramadol-2.html buy tramadol online buy tramadol download free ringtones download free verizon ringtones http://www.freewebs.com/ringtone-465/free-ringtones-6.html

203.162.27.* 于 2007-07-12 19:59:02发表:

http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-106/journal/572485/ download ringtone download ringtone http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-759/juego_interactivo_1.html juego interactivo portal jugar interactivo portales pai gow poker pai gow poker portales web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-704/pai_gow_1.html http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-492/juego_pagina_1.html juegos pagina internet juego paginas internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-816/casino_1.html casino-on-net casino atlantis

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-12 19:33:39发表:

pai gow poker linea pai gow poker portales internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-216/pai_gow_1.html ying yang twins ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-696/journal/572504/ ying yang twins ringtone ruleta http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-267/roulette_1.html jugar ruleta free nextel ringtone download free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-928/journal/570906/ gambling portals gambling portals http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-474/gamble_1.html

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-12 19:15:09发表:

gambling gamble online http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-287/gamble_1.html nextel ringtone cell phone ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-928/journal/570993/ http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-863/juego_al_instante_1.html juego al instante linea juego al instante paginas web ringtone download free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-79/journal/572790/ jugar poquer internet poquer internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-667/poquer_1.html

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-12 19:02:30发表:

juegos gratis juegos gratis http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-241/juego_1.html http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-869/journal/572530/ cingular ringtone ringtone ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-106/journal/572702/ madonna ringtones jugar poquer http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-94/poquer_1.html jugar poquer ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-555/journal/572511/ marilyn manson ringtone

203.167.76.* 于 2007-07-12 18:47:00发表:

casino internacional pagina web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-222/casino_internacional_1.html casino internacional web premio dinero portales web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-759/premio_dinero_1.html premio dinero paginas internet free ringtone download free verizon ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-90/journal/570905/ download free cingular ringtone free nextel ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-79/journal/572330/ reglas poker juego reglas poker juego http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-340/juego_poker_1.html

72.12.129.* 于 2007-07-12 18:42:49发表:

http://www.freewebs.com/poker-82/poker-5.html online casino poker internet poker http://www.whichsideofthefence.com/_disc7/0000008d.htm drug information drug information cheap cialis http://www.freewebs.com/drugs-259/cheap-cialis.html cheap cialis phentermine diet pill http://vikimason.com/_disc3/0000084d.htm phentermine diet pill buy soma online http://www.freewebs.com/drugs-960/buy-soma.html buy soma online

203.162.27.* 于 2007-07-12 18:41:17发表:

http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-582/journal/570960/ ringtone ringtone juego seguro pagina web jugar seguro portal http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-222/juego_seguro_1.html casino virtual paginas internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-585/casino_pagina_1.html casino virtual pagina internet polyphonic ringtone beatles ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-928/journal/570997/ free cingular ringtones polyphonic ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-126/journal/572835/

74.136.31.* 于 2007-07-12 18:38:15发表:

nextel ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-555/journal/572806/ download free ringtone polyphonic ringtone polyphonic ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-696/journal/572442/ http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-807/journal/572408/ dave hollister ringtone beatles ringtone jugar video poker online jugar video poquer web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-633/video_poker_1.html pai gow poker portal web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-168/pai_gow_1.html pai gow poker portal web

67.15.92.* 于 2007-07-12 14:49:43发表:

premio dinero linea http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-827/premio_dinero_1.html premios dinero linea beatles ringtones ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-695/journal/571110/ juego al instante online http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-410/juego_al_instante_1.html juego al instante pagina internet http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-67/journal/572597/ 100 free ringtones free ringtones http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-75/tragaperra_1.html maquina tragaperras online tragamonedas web

203.162.27.* 于 2007-07-12 14:44:06发表:

drug store drug store http://www.leshartman.com/Band/Forum2/_disc8/0000064a.htm ionamin http://www.cancurecancer.org/_disc1/00002d25.htm ionamin cash advance oklahoma city cash advance oklahoma city http://www.freewebs.com/cash-413/cash-advance-oklahoma-city.html cheap vigrx http://www.freewebs.com/drugs-718/cheap-vigrx.html cheap vigrx online blackjack http://www.freewebs.com/casino-978/blackjack-6.html blackjack game

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-12 13:26:06发表:

http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-328/caribbean_poker_1.html caribbean poker portales web caribbean poker internet download free verizon ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-869/journal/572663/ free alltel ringtones juego al instante linea juego al instante online http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-41/juego_al_instante_1.html http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-998/juegos_apuestas_1.html juegos apuestas portales juegos apuestas paginas web madonna ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-24/journal/570788/ ringtone

200.93.39.* 于 2007-07-12 12:54:27发表:

http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-102/casinos_espana_1.html casinos espana portal casinos espana portal ganar dinero verdadero portales ganar dinero verdadero pagina web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-704/ganar_dinero_1.html free verizon ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-90/journal/570934/ free verizon ringtone marilyn manson ringtones marilyn manson ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-126/journal/572787/ free virgin mobile ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-90/journal/570936/ free verizon ringtone

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-12 12:41:33发表:

free nextel ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-67/journal/572563/ free nextel ringtones casino paginas internet casino paginas internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-816/casino_pagina_1.html casino internacional pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-585/casino_internacional_1.html casinos internacionales online ringtone ying yang twins ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-24/journal/570779/ free cingular cell phone ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-167/journal/570710/ free mobile phone ringtones

220.194.46.* 于 2007-07-12 12:02:58发表:

http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-695/journal/571113/ madonna ringtones ringtones juego al instante paginas internet juego al instante pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-79/juego_al_instante_1.html http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-137/juego_interactivo_1.html jugar interactivo portal web jugar interactivo portal web multiplayer poker game http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-633/poker_game_1.html multiplayer poker game http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-914/casino_internacional_1.html casino internacional portal web casinos internacionales linea

203.167.76.* 于 2007-07-12 11:55:44发表:

poker online http://www.freewebs.com/poker-734/online-poker-1.html poker on line http://www.perryg.com/TheOwlsPerch/mywebs2/chatroom1/_Hisdisc1/00000088.htm soma online soma online http://www.freewebs.com/drugs-591/phentermine-2.html cheapest phentermine phentermine pill cheap hydrocodone http://fouinax.com/FEM_FORUM/00000170.htm cheap hydrocodone regole crap regola crap http://www.freewebs.com/casino-162/craps-2.html

213.223.16.* 于 2007-07-12 11:53:07发表:

http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-488/journal/570873/ ringtones ringtone http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-800/poker_1.html play poker texas poker http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-41/juego_1.html juego internet juego dados ganar dinero verdadero pagina internet ganar dinero pagina web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-102/ganar_dinero_1.html verizon ringtones ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-316/journal/572788/

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-12 11:33:13发表:

casinos descargas portal internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-192/casino_descargas_1.html casinos descargas portales web juegos poker share juego cartas poker http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-474/juego_poker_1.html premio dinero portal internet premio dinero linea http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-241/premio_dinero_1.html http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-582/journal/571002/ free sprint ringtones download free cingular ringtones http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-168/juego_interactivo_1.html juego interactivo internet juego interactivo portales internet

在Linux操作系统中编程声音设备实例

共有 2236 条评论

频道文章

最新教程

随机推荐