在Linux操作系统中编程声音设备实例-红联Linux系统门户

　　Linux下的声音设备编程比大多数人想象的要简单得多。一般说来，我们常用的声音设备是内部扬声器和声卡，它们都对应/dev目录下的一个或多个设备文件，我们象打开普通文件一样打开它们，用ioctl（）函数设置一些参数，然后对这些打开的特殊文件进写操作。

　　由于这些文件不是普通的文件，所以我们不能用ANSI C（标准C）的fopen、fclose等来操作文件，而应该使用系统文件I/O处理函数（open、read、write、lseek和close）来处理这些设备文件。ioctl（）或许是Linux下最庞杂的函数，它可以控制各种文件的属性，在Linux声音设备编程中，最重要的就是使用此函数正确设置必要的参数。

　　下面我们举两个实际的例子来说明如何实现Linux下的声音编程。由于此类编程涉及到系统设备的读写，所以，很多时候需要你有root权限，如果你将下面的例子编译后不能正确执行，那么，首先请你检查是否是因为没有操纵某个设备的权限。

　　对内部扬声器编程内部扬声器是控制台的一部分，所以它对应的设备文件为/dev/console。变量KIOCSOUND在头文件 /usr /include /linux /kd.h中声明，ioctl函数使用它可以来控制扬声器的发声，使用规则为：

锟斤拷锟斤拷:
　　ioctl ( fd, KIOCSOUND, (int) tone);

　　fd为文件设备号，tone 是音频值。当tone为0时，终止发声。必须一提的是它所理解的音频和我们平常以为的音频是不同的，由于计算机主板定时器的时钟频率为1.19MHZ，所以要进行正确的发声，必须进行如下的转换：扬声器音频值=1190000/我们期望的音频值。

　　扬声器发声时间的长短我们通过函数usleep（unsigned long usec）来控制。它是在头文件/usr /include /unistd.h中定义的，让程序睡眠usec微秒。下面即是让扬声器按指定的长度和音频发声的程序的完整清单：

锟斤拷锟斤拷:
#include < fcntl.h >
#include < stdio.h >
#include < stdlib.h >
#include < string.h >
#include < unistd.h >
#include < sys/ioctl.h >
#include < sys/types.h >
#include < linux/kd.h >

/* 设定默认值 */
#define DEFAULT_FREQ 440 /* 设定一个合适的频率 */
#define DEFAULT_LENGTH 200 /* 200 微秒，发声的长度是以微秒为单位的*/
#define DEFAULT_REPS 1 /* 默认不重复发声 */
#define DEFAULT_DELAY 100 /* 同样以微秒为单位*/

/* 定义一个结构，存储所需的数据*/
typedef struct {
int freq; /* 我们期望输出的频率，单位为Hz */
int length; /* 发声长度，以微秒为单位*/
int reps; /* 重复的次数*/
int delay; /* 两次发声间隔，以微秒为单位*/
} beep_parms_t;

/* 打印帮助信息并退出*/
void usage_bail ( const char *executable_name ) {
printf ( "Usage: \n \t%s [-f frequency] [-l length] [-r reps] [-d delay] \n ",
executable_name );
exit(1);
}

/ * 分析运行参数，各项意义如下：
* "-f <以HZ为单位的频率值 >"
* "-l <以毫秒为单位的发声时长 >"
* "-r <重复次数 >"
* "-d <以毫秒为单位的间歇时长 >"
*/
void parse_command_line(char **argv, beep_parms_t *result) {
char *arg0 = *(argv++);
while ( *argv ) {
if ( !strcmp( *argv,"-f" )) { /*频率*/
int freq = atoi ( *( ++argv ) );
if ( ( freq <= 0 ) | | ( freq > 10000 ) ) {
fprintf ( stderr, "Bad parameter: frequency must be from 1..10000\n" );
exit (1) ;
} else {
result->freq = freq;
argv++;
}
} else if ( ! strcmp ( *argv, "-l" ) ) { /*时长*/
int length = atoi ( *(++argv ) );
if (length < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Bad parameter: length must be >= 0\n");
exit(1);
} else {
result->length = length;
argv++;
}
} else if (!strcmp(*argv, "-r")) { /*重复次数*/
int reps = atoi(*(++argv));
if (reps < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Bad parameter: reps must be >= 0\n");
exit(1);
} else {
result->reps = reps;
argv++;
}
} else if (!strcmp(*argv, "-d")) { /* 延时 */
int delay = atoi(*(++argv));
if (delay < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Bad parameter: delay must be >= 0\n");
exit(1);
} else {
result->delay = delay;
argv++;
}
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Bad parameter: %s\n", *argv);
usage_bail(arg0);
}
}
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
int console_fd;
int i; /* 循环计数器 */
/* 设发声参数为默认值*/
beep_parms_t parms = {DEFAULT_FREQ, DEFAULT_LENGTH, DEFAULT_REPS,
DEFAULT_DELAY};
/* 分析参数，可能的话更新发声参数*/
parse_command_line(argv, &parms);

/* 打开控制台，失败则结束程序*/
if ( ( console_fd = open ( "/dev/console", O_WRONLY ) ) == -1 ) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open console.\n");
perror("open");
exit(1);
}

/* 真正开始让扬声器发声*/
for (i = 0; i < parms.reps; i++) {
/* 数字1190000从何而来，不得而知*/
int magical_fairy_number = 1190000/parms.freq;

ioctl(console_fd, KIOCSOUND, magical_fairy_number); /* 开始发声 */
usleep(1000*parms.length); /*等待... */
ioctl(console_fd, KIOCSOUND, 0); /* 停止发声*/
usleep(1000*parms.delay); /* 等待... */
} /* 重复播放*/
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

　　将上面的例子稍作扩展，用户即可以让扬声器唱歌。只要找到五线谱或简谱的音阶、音长、节拍和频率、发声时长、间隔的对应关系就可以了。我现在还记得以前在DOS下编写出《世上只有妈妈好》时的兴奋。最后，说一些提外话，这其实是一个很简单的程序，但是我们却用了很长的篇幅，希望读者从以上的代码里能体会到写好的程序的一些方法，或许最重要的是添加注释吧。一个程序的注释永远不会嫌多，即便你写的时候觉得它根本是多余，但相信我，相信曾这样告诉我们的许多优秀的程序员：养成写很多注释的习惯。

74.113.250.* 于 2007-07-14 08:13:20发表:

http://www.freewebs.com/casino-379/roulette-71.html play free roulette roulette casino game internet keno http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-527?id=7 free keno games casino slots internet casino http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-527?id=64 free baccarat baccarat online http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-1639/baccarat_11.html casino blackjack free blackjack http://www.freewebs.com/casino-379/blackjack-21.html

69.143.193.* 于 2007-07-14 08:10:14发表:

free online blackjack play blackjack http://www.freewebs.com/casino-379/blackjack-71.html free online slots http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-527?id=3 slots game free craps game free craps game http://www.freewebs.com/casino-379/craps-81.html roulette casino game roulette casino game http://www.freewebs.com/casino-379/roulette-81.html online roulette internet roulette http://www.freewebs.com/casino-379/roulette-31.html

62.231.243.* 于 2007-07-14 08:08:37发表:

play free slots online slots machine http://www.freewebs.com/casino-987/slots-02.html casino craps play craps online free http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-1639/craps_01.html casino gaming http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-527?id=50 vegas casino free craps game rules of craps http://www.freewebs.com/casino-987/craps-02.html play craps online free free craps game http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-527?id=34

24.11.9.* 于 2007-07-14 07:57:55发表:

free slots machine online slots http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-527?id=66 internet roulette free roulette http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-3863/roulette_32.html casino craps http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-198?id=41 rules of craps http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-527?id=55 craps rules craps rules best online casino gambling best online casino gambling http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-1639/casino_31.html

72.219.8.* 于 2007-07-14 07:40:53发表:

craps table http://www.freewebs.com/casino-987/craps-12.html craps table jack black jack black http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-198?id=44 play keno online online keno http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-527?id=14 roulette table http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-3863/roulette_12.html roulette table http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-527?id=2 blackjack odds jack black

68.153.124.* 于 2007-07-14 07:31:00发表:

internet blackjack blackjack gambling http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-198?id=2 free online keno http://www.bloglines.com/blog/casino-198?id=42 free online keno

72.36.211.* 于 2007-07-14 06:33:53发表:

72.36.211.* 于 2007-07-14 06:33:17发表:

72.36.211.* 于 2007-07-14 06:32:15发表:

72.36.211.* 于 2007-07-14 06:31:57发表:

72.36.211.* 于 2007-07-14 06:31:46发表:

67.187.163.* 于 2007-07-14 04:53:49发表:

http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-328/video_poker_1.html video poker linea juego video poquer juegosvirtuales juegosvirtuales http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-392/juego_1.html http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-412/ganar_dinero_1.html ganar dinero verdadero pagina internet ganar dinero verdadero paginas web ganar premio internet ganar premio online http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-229/ganar_premio_1.html free sprint ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-582/journal/570931/ free cingular ringtone

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-14 04:46:58发表:

lil wayne ringtone lil wayne ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-79/journal/572380/ ganar dinero pagina internet ganar dinero pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-487/ganar_dinero_1.html baccarat web baccarat web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-404/baccarat_1.html juego paginas internet jugar paginas web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-75/juego_pagina_1.html free sprint ringtone download free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-167/journal/570663/

67.189.109.* 于 2007-07-14 04:17:07发表:

ganar premio paginas internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-827/ganar_premio_1.html ganar premio pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-79/ganar_premio_1.html ganar premio linea ganar premios pagina internet ringtone free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-79/journal/572453/ http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-807/journal/572443/ ringtone mosquito ringtone jugar seguro portal internet jugar seguro portal web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-160/juego_seguro_1.html

24.45.250.* 于 2007-07-14 04:10:28发表:

verizon ringtones verizon ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-488/journal/570876/ jogar video poquer jugar video poquer web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-412/video_poker_1.html ganar premios internet ganar premios internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-880/ganar_premio_1.html ringtones marilyn manson ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-927/journal/572856/ http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-126/journal/572356/ cingular ringtone ringtone

201.17.74.* 于 2007-07-14 03:32:59发表:

free ringtone ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-135/journal/572777/ ringtone beatles ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-135/journal/572431/ free ringtones lil wayne ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-488/journal/570865/ casino paginas internet casinos pagina web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-137/casino_pagina_1.html http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-927/journal/572624/ free ringtones free nokia ringtones

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-14 03:30:33发表:

free motorola ringtones free ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-79/journal/572618/ free sprint ringtones free sprint ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-927/journal/572843/ ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-106/journal/572357/ ringtone free cingular cell phone ringtones free ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-696/journal/572679/ wager wager http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-241/gamble_1.html

142.166.153.* 于 2007-07-14 03:29:13发表:

poker room online poker http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-704/poker_1.html http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-998/juego_gratis_1.html juego gratis portal web juego gratis internet beatles ringtones free sprint ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-316/journal/572692/ juego interactivo portal juego interactivo portales http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-328/juego_interactivo_1.html poker caribe internet caribbean poker paginas internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-633/caribbean_poker_1.html

172.142.202.* 于 2007-07-14 03:17:14发表:

http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-79/juegos_apuestas_1.html juegos apuestas online jugar apostar pagina internet juego internet juegos downloads http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-696/juego_1.html jugar bacara internet bacara http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-412/baccarat_1.html jugar ruleta linea ruleta linea http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-94/roulette_1.html jugar ruleta online jugar ruleta linea http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-137/roulette_1.html

85.92.136.* 于 2007-07-14 03:09:15发表:

http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-880/keno_1.html keno portales web keno portales caribbean poker paginas web poker caribe pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-880/caribbean_poker_1.html free verizon ringtone free real music ringtone sprint http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-488/journal/570830/ free ringtones free sprint ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-106/journal/572576/ http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-696/journal/572549/ free cell phone ringtones free real ringtones

203.167.76.* 于 2007-07-14 01:27:09发表:

free sprint ringtones madonna ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-696/journal/572726/ gana dinero web ganar dinero verdadero pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-137/ganar_dinero_1.html baccarat pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-926/baccarat_1.html baccarat web free ringtone ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-695/journal/571061/ juegos cartas poker juego de cartas http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-287/juego_poker_1.html

201.17.74.* 于 2007-07-14 00:31:17发表:

online blackjack online blackjack http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-30/blackjack_5.html echte kasinospiele http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-30/casino_spiele_2.html online kasino spiel ringtone cell phone ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-748/journal/572457/ jugar bacara web bacara web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-334/baccarat_1.html http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-696/journal/572231/ free cingular cell phone ringtone free ringtone

212.76.64.* 于 2007-07-14 00:08:16发表:

juego seguro linea http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-410/juego_seguro_1.html juego seguro portal internet cingular ringtone ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-807/journal/572748/ free cingular ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-126/journal/572266/ free nextel ringtone casinos espanol casinos espana portales http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-160/casinos_espana_1.html casinos espana portal web casinos espana paginas internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-696/casinos_espana_1.html

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-14 00:05:53发表:

http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-316/journal/572753/ free sprint ringtones free ringtone keno pagina web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-995/keno_1.html keno paginas internet download free verizon ringtone 100 free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-79/journal/572309/ poquer internet jugar poquer web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-735/poquer_1.html cingular ringtone ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-67/journal/572733/

203.162.27.* 于 2007-07-14 00:00:03发表:

http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-926/tragaperra_1.html tragamonedas web tragaperras portal internet jugar al poker pokerparty http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-75/poker_1.html ruleta juego descarga ruleta internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-222/roulette_1.html casinos pagina web casinos pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-691/casino_pagina_1.html free sprint ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-126/journal/572643/ download free ringtones

190.6.16.* 于 2007-07-13 23:59:47发表:

celtic frost ringtone download ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-869/journal/572434/ free sprint ringtones free ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-748/journal/572780/ premios dinero http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-267/premio_dinero_1.html premios dinero internet free mobile phone ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-316/journal/572545/ free nokia ringtones blackjack pagina web black jack internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-102/blackjack_1.html

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-13 23:47:57发表:

celtic frost ringtone free cingular ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-695/journal/570982/ casinos descargas portal web casinos descargas pagina web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-338/casino_descargas_1.html wager gambling portal http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-759/gamble_1.html juego de cartas juegos poker share http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-998/juego_poker_1.html free virgin mobile ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-167/journal/570666/ free virgin mobile ringtone

68.35.125.* 于 2007-07-13 23:46:55发表:

ringtones nextel ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-807/journal/572723/ http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-267/gamble_1.html online wagering gambling free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-488/journal/570832/ free cingular ringtone mosquito ringtone madonna ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-488/journal/570839/ verizon ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-488/journal/570864/ cingular ringtone

217.69.176.* 于 2007-07-13 23:36:05发表:

codigo fuente ruleta http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-160/roulette_1.html codigo fuente ruleta http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-633/tragaperra_1.html tragaperras tragaperras portal internet juego gratis pagina internet juego gratis portal web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-699/juego_gratis_1.html free alltel ringtone free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-488/journal/570834/ premio dinero online http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-412/premio_dinero_1.html premio dinero linea

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-13 23:27:51发表:

http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-241/casinos_espana_1.html casinos espana portales internet casinos espana portales juego linea juegos web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-926/juego_1.html ringtone dave hollister ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-488/journal/570843/ http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-229/ganar_dinero_1.html gana dinero web gana dinero web keno portales http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-328/keno_1.html keno online

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-13 23:02:23发表:

juego seguro portal web juego seguro pagina web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-816/juego_seguro_1.html http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-995/video_poker_1.html video poker web video poker online juegos apuestas paginas internet juegos apuestas linea http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-404/juegos_apuestas_1.html http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-24/journal/570805/ free cingular ringtones download free ringtones free real music ringtone sprint http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-24/journal/570766/ free real music ringtone sprint

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-13 22:47:07发表:

http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-241/juego_poker_1.html juegos poker descarga gratis jugar poker linea http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-90/journal/571034/ free ringtones free sprint ringtones ganar dinero verdadero portal web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-160/ganar_dinero_1.html ganar dinero internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-216/roulette_1.html codigo fuente ruleta codigo fuente ruleta jugar poquer web poquer web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-338/poquer_1.html

209.200.52.* 于 2007-07-13 22:21:34发表:

poquer online poquer linea http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-880/poquer_1.html verizon ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-106/journal/572658/ cingular ringtone free ringtone free real music ringtone sprint http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-67/journal/572306/ http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-222/casinos_espana_1.html casinos espana internet casinos espanol free mobile phone ringtone free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-927/journal/572365/

75.87.111.* 于 2007-07-13 22:16:55发表:

juegos azar portal internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-328/juegos_azar_1.html juegos de azar juego seguro pagina internet juego seguro internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-800/juego_seguro_1.html spielkonto sicheres online spielen http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-30/spiel_7.html ringtones ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-555/journal/572793/ http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-704/video_poker_1.html video poker linea juego video poquer

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-13 22:11:06发表:

celtic frost ringtone polyphonic ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-927/journal/572464/ http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-24/journal/570797/ free ringtones free mobile phone ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-106/journal/572556/ 100 free ringtones free mp3 ringtones juego poquer http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-241/poquer_1.html poquer web maquinas tragaperras internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-328/maquinas_tragaperras_1.html maquina tragaperras portal

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-13 22:05:32发表:

http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-667/poker_1.html torneo poker play poker selena ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-582/journal/570992/ marilyn manson ringtone ringtone download free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-927/journal/572476/ black jack portales black jack portales http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-914/blackjack_1.html free verizon ringtone 100 free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-90/journal/570943/

209.200.52.* 于 2007-07-13 22:05:31发表:

free real music ringtones sprint free real music ringtones sprint http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-928/journal/571054/ keno pagina web keno pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-338/keno_1.html juegos poker descarga gratis jugar poker linea http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-827/juego_poker_1.html keno portales web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-404/keno_1.html keno portales ringtones free ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-316/journal/572681/

213.139.26.* 于 2007-07-13 21:39:13发表:

free cingular cell phone ringtone free ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-316/journal/572247/ free mobile phone ringtones free real ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-90/journal/571011/ http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-492/casinos_espana_1.html casinos espana portal casinos espana portal juego al instante portal juego al instante portal http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-696/juego_al_instante_1.html free ringtones free ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-488/journal/570860/

0.0.0.* 于 2007-07-13 21:32:25发表:

gambling game http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-667/gamble_1.html gambling game free cingular ringtone download free cingular ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-24/journal/570774/ http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-160/poker_game_1.html download games poker gratis download games poker gratis casino virtual pagina internet http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-410/casino_pagina_1.html casinos paginas internet ringtone ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-488/journal/570849/

190.6.16.* 于 2007-07-13 21:22:52发表:

http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-691/juego_1.html juegos downloads juegos downloads black jack http://www.getaportal.com/portals/poker-410/blackjack_1.html black jack cingular ringtones nextel ringtone http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-79/journal/572847/ juegos azar portales web juegos azar portales web http://www.getaportal.com/portals/casino-863/juegos_azar_1.html free alltel ringtones free alltel ringtones http://www.quizilla.com/users/ringtone-555/journal/572535/

在Linux操作系统中编程声音设备实例

共有 2236 条评论

频道文章

最新教程

随机推荐