学习Linux内核的误区-红联Linux系统门户

　　先说句正经的：其实我没资格写这篇文章，因为自己也就一两个月以来才开始有所领悟的。因此，这里与其说是关于Linux内核学习的经验，不如说是自己的教训吧，希望不要扔鸡蛋砸我。

　　常常有人问：我想学习内核，需要什么基础吗？Linus Torvalds本人是这样回答的：你必须使用过Linux. 这个……还是有点太泛了吧，我想下面几个基础可能还是需要的，尽管不一定必需：

　　1，关于操作系统理论的最初级的知识。不需要通读并理解《操作系统概念》《现代操作系统》等巨著，但总要知道分时（time-shared）和实时（real-time）的区别是什么，进程是个什么东西，CPU和系统总线、内存的关系（很粗略即可），等等。

　　2，关于C语言。不需要已经很精通C语言，只要能熟练编写C程序，能看懂链表、散列表等数据结构的C实现，用过gcc编译器，就可以了。当然，如果已经精通C语言显然是大占便宜的。

　　3，关于CPU的知识。这块儿可以在学习内核过程中补，但这样的话你就需要看讲解很详细的书，比方后面将会提到的《情景分析》。你是否熟悉Intel 80386 CPU？尝试着回答这几个问题来判断一下：1）说出80386的中断门和陷阱门的区别；2）说出保护模式与实模式的区别；3）多处理器机器上，普通的读-改-写回一块内存这样的动作，为什么需要特殊的手段来保护。等等。讲解基于其它CPU的Linux内核的书，目前好象只有一本《IA64Linux内核：设计与实现》──也还是Intel的，其它都是讲解基于IA32的。

　　以上算是知识方面吧，如果还要再补充一条，我想就是：动手编译过内核。

　　好了，我们接下来走。好多人装上Linux之后，第一件事找到内核源码所在的路径，打开一个C程序文件，开始哗哗哗翻页，看看大名鼎鼎的Linux内核代码到底长啥模样──然后关闭。这是可理解的，但却不是学习的方法。刚开始，必须从读书入手。至少要对内核有一个Overview之后，才有可能带着问题去试图阅读源代码本身。下面就讲一下我读过的几本书：

　　1、《Linux内核设计与实现》，英文名Linux Kernel Development（所以有人叫它LKD），机械工业出版社，￥35，美国Robert Love著，陈莉君译者。评说：此书是当今首屈一指的入门最佳图书。作者是为2.6内核加入了抢占的人，对调度部分非常精通，而调度是整个系统的核心，因此本书是很权威的。这本书讲解浅显易懂，全书没有列举一条汇编语句，但是给出了整个Linux操作系统2.6内核的概观，使你能通过阅读迅速获得一个overview.而且对内核中较为混乱的部分（如下半部），它的讲解是最透彻的。对没怎么深入内核的人来说，这是强烈推荐的一本书。

　　翻译：翻译水平、负责任程度都不错，但是印刷存在一些错误。买了此书的朋友可以参考我在Linux高级应用版的《Linux内核设计与实现中文版勘误》：

　　2、《Linux内核源代码情景分析》上、下。毛德操、胡希明著，浙江大学出版社，上册￥80，下册￥70. 评说：本书是基于2.4.0内核的，比较早，也没听说会出第二版。上册讲解内存管理、中断、异常与系统调用、进程控制、文件系统与传统Unix IPC；下册讲解socket、设备驱动、SMP和引导。关于这套书的评价褒贬不一，我个人认为其深度是同类著作中最优秀的。本书基于Intel IA32体系，由于厚度大，很多体系上的知识都捎带讲解了，所以如果你想深入了解内核的工作机制而又不非常熟悉Intel CPU的体系构造，本书是最合适的。缺点是：版本较老，没有TCP/IP协议栈部分（它讲的socket只是Unix域协议的），图表太少，不适合初学者入门。还有就是对学生朋友来说，可能书价偏高，这样的话可以考虑先买上册，因为上册是核心部分，下册一大部分都在讲具体PCI/ISA/USB设备的驱动。

　　翻译：没什么翻译，作者是国人，而且行文流畅。本人书桌上诸多计算机经典图书当中，这套是唯一又经典又无阅读障碍的。

　　好多朋友已经把这书读到六七遍了，我很惭愧，上册差不多读熟了，下册就SMP部分还看过──但这就花费了整整1年的时间，还有好多弄不懂的。这里顺便说明另外一个研究内核常见的误区：目标太庞大。要知道Linux内核（最新的2.6.13）bzip2压缩之后37M，解压缩之后244M，根本不是哪个人能够吃透的。即使是内核的核心开发团队中，恐怕也只Linus Torvalds、Alan Cox、David Miller、Ingo Molnar寥寥数人会有比较全面的了解，其它人都是做自己专门的部分。我自己来说，目前已经决定放弃内存管理的全部（slab层、LRU、rbtree等）、文件系统部分、外设驱动部分，暂时也没打算弄IA32以外的其它体系的部分。

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