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论自由软件在中国中小学教育中的应用

发布时间:2006-11-06 10:07:50来源:红联作者:Gunnrose
　　近年来信息技术的高速发展对教育产生了深刻的影响，我们中国的教育也正在探讨和实践如何利用信息技术促进教育的发展。当前国家和各地方政府投入了大量的人力、物力和财力进行教育信息化建设和信息技术教育建设。但在这些建设工作之中，我们只关注了教育信息化的硬件建设却严重地忽视了相关的软件建设。甚至可以说，在我国教育信息化的软件建设中，我们的现行政策和做法存在严重的失误。

　　教育的信息化建设应该包括硬件建设和软件建设两大部分，从某种程度上来说，后者的重要性超过前者。但是我国的现行的教育信息化建设常常只重视购买电脑、网络设备等硬件投资却没有购买相关软件的经费，这就导致我国中小学目前使用的软件大部分是未经正常授权的，或者说使用的是盗版软件。从长远来看，这势必对我国的道德法律建设、教育的诚信、学校信息技术教育等产生非常不良的后果。

　　结合我国的实际情况，我认为中国无论是教育的信息化还是信息技术教育，都应该改变使用盗版商业软件的现状而使用自由软件。下面我们依次讨论什么是自由软件，为什么要使用自由软件，使用自由软件会遇到哪些障碍，以及自由软件如何进入中国的教育等问题。

　　一 什么是自由软件。

　　对于习惯使用微软产品的用户而言，一开始进入自由软件世界，就会遇到许多的陌生的名词，一个最基本的问题就是：到底什么是自由软件？自由软件英文为Free software，其中的free既有免费的意思，也有自由的意思，但翻译为自由则更恰当一些。自由软件是指用户可以自由运行、拷贝、研究、改进的软件。更准确地说，自由软件中的自由是包涵以下三种层次的自由：

　　1 研究程序运行机制，并根据你自己的需要修改它的自由

　　2 重新分发拷贝，以使其他人能够共享软件的自由

　　3 改进程序，为使他人受益而散发它的自由

　　由此可见，自由软件与我们熟悉的以微软软件产品为代表的商业软件起码有两大截然不同，或者说自由软件有两大特征：一是可以免费使用，二是公布软件的源代码，用户可以自己修改、发行。自由软件和商业软件可以说是两个对立的概念，在这两个对立的概念之间，还有许多性质介于两者之间的软件，或者说还有许多对用户在运行、拷贝、研究、改进自己的软件上有自己独特要求---我们常称之为许可证---的电脑软件。在我们国家加入WTO后，国家越来越强调法制治国的今天，我们使用任何一个电脑软件之前，都应该认真阅读并遵守该软件的许可证制度，不要侵犯知识产权。

　　显然，自由软件没有利润收入，这就导致许多人对自由软件的性能是否有保障存在疑问。这其实是不用担心的，自由软件先进的开发机制保证了其性能的优越性。大量权威机构的各种测试和大量的使用自由软件的事实可以证明：自由软件是可靠稳定的，功能强大的，它与以微软产品为代表的商业软件在性能上各有千秋。
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