用 Linux 打造路由器-红联Linux系统门户

Linux 作为一种新近崛起的操作系统，由于其性能稳定，源码开放及价格方面的优势而逐渐被广大用户所接受。现在Linux的主要用武之地在于服务器领域，但是，经过适当的配置之后，它还可以担当互联网的物理基石--路由器这一重要角色。

路由器是通信子网中的通信节点，每个路由器都计算并维护一张路由表，并据此指导数据报前往最佳路径中的下一站，这便是所谓的路由。这样，经过互联网上所有路由器的通力合作，数据报就能够沿着一条"最佳"路径到达目的地。在 GNU 软件 Zebra 的协助下，我们可以将 Linux 机器打造成一台功能完备的路由器，它能够同时支持 RIPv1、 RIPv2、RIPng、OSPFv2、OSPFv3、BGP - 4 和 BGP - 4+ 等诸多 TCP/IP 协议。现在我们首先了解一下 OSPF 和 BGP 协议的运行模式和基本原理，然后介绍 Zebra 的安装配置方法，让你的 Linux 机器变成支持 OSPF 与 BGP 的路由器。

BGP/OSPF 概述

如今，许多公司都建有多个网络，如果这些网络的类型不尽相同，则需要用路由器进行互联。路由器是与两个或两个以上的网络连接的计算机，它根据路由协议生成并维护一个路由表，并按照该路由表中的信息转发包。这些路由器对公司内部的网络结构了如指掌，知道将分组送到目的地的全部细节，但对于其他公司的网络结构并不了解。像这样"在同一机构下管理的一系列路由器和网络"被称为自治系统(AS)。由不同机构掌管的自治系统，可以采用不同的路由选择算法；但同一自治系统内的所有路由器都使用同一路由协议，以便于自治系统内部各个路由器互换路由信息来维持相互的连通性。每一个自治系统都有一个16位的"自治系统 (AS)编号"作为标志，就像 IP 地址一样，它是由专门机构来分配的。

自治系统内的路由器称为"内部网关"，所用的协议称为"内部网关协议"。内部网关协议大体上分为两类，一类是距离向量协议，如 RIP,EIGRP 协议；另一类是链路状态协议如 OSPF 协议。链路状态路由协议与距离向量协议的不同之处在于，采用链路状态路由协议的路由器不是交换到达目的地的距离，而是维护一张网络拓扑结构图。然后用数据库表示该图，其中的表项对应网络的一条链路。路由器根据数据库的信息计算出"最佳路由"，由此指导包的转发。当网络拓扑结构发生变化时，只需将相应纪录而非整个数据库通知其他节点。各路由器做出相应修改并重新计算路由后，就可以继续正常工作。

因为"开放式最短路径优先协议"的文档必须公开发表，所以它是"开放式的"（Open）；又因为它采用"最短路径优先"（SPF）算法来计算一个节点到所有其它节点间的最短路径，故名为 OSPF。OSPF 具有支持多重度量制式和多重路径等诸多优点，因此成为因特网上推荐使用的内部网关协议，RIP 却由于自身的局限性而被打入冷宫。现在，在性能上唯一能够与 OSPF 相匹敌的内部网关协议便是 EIGRP--Cisco 的一个专有协议，但 OSPF 的"开放"本身就是一个响亮的招牌，因为谁也不想受制于某家供应商。

前面提到，自治系统内的路由器不必知道其他自治系统的内部结构细节，从而有效地节约了路由器的内存和 CPU 时间，并提高了网络带宽的利用率。但是，如果想与其他公司（自治系统）通信时该怎么办呢？很简单，我们可以在自治系统内指定一个与其他自治系统相连的路由器为"外部网关"，通过它进入其他自治系统。该路由器使用的协议叫做"外部网关协议"，如边界网关协议（BGP）。相邻的两个网关必须首先互换"邻机探测 "报文，协商是否愿意成为"邻机"。成为邻机则意味着两个自治系统同意中转双方的通信流。同意后，两个邻机互换"邻机可达性报文"，来监督他们之间的链路的工作情况。接下来便是最重要的工作，用"网络可达性报文"来交换通过各邻机所能到达的网络的信息，从而实现自治系统之间的连通性。在外部网关的眼里只由外部网关和连接他们的链路，如此以来，自治系统内的通信由内部网关处理，自治系统之间的通信交由外部网关处理--一个分级路由的景象已经展现在我们面前，实际上，因特网正是由大量自治系统组成的。

建立一个高级路由器

许多人对路由器感到比较陌生，事实上作为一个防火墙使用的 Linux 系统已经是一个路由器了，只不过还有点"简陋"而已。然而，我们的目标是用 Linux 打造一个"高级"路由器，它必须能够利用动态路由协议（上文提到的协议皆为动态路由协议）工作。这些协议能够使路由器互换相关信息，从而共享穿越网络时所用的那些路径--路由。这一点对于大型网络(比如 Internet)而言是"异常"重要的，因为此时再用静态路由（也就是人工计算设置路由）是根本不现实的。

举例来说，即使在比较理想--即不考虑路由的变化的情况下，一个边界网关协议(BGP)路由表也至少包含 100,000 条以上的表项。这时，手工建立这样的静态路由是难以忍受的。很明显，即使我们的网络小于 Internet--比如一个大型公司网络，我们还是更加喜欢动态路由协议。

外部网关协议 BGP 通常作为 Internet 的骨干使用，而其它的协议（如 OSPF）则适于小型的互连网络。开放式最短路径优先(OSPF)协议是一个应用最广的内部网关协议(IGP)。Zebra 是一个开放源代码程序包，通过它你可以在 Linux 上运行 BGP 与 / 或 OSPF。

安装 Zebra

你既可以从 Zebra.org 网站下载 Zebra 的最新源程序，也能从 Redhat 和 Debian 中获得它，但不一定是最新版的。从源代码中进行软件安装，你就会发现使用的是一些普通的安装过程。简介如下：

./configuremakemake install配置脚本会搜索系统上已经安装的 IP 栈并且自动地设置成支持他们。当前，IP 栈很可能仅仅是指 IPv4，但是 IPv6 用户也不用担心，因为 Zebra 也会发现并且支持它。

程序安装之后，还可能必须在 /etc/services 中增加一些命令行。Zebra 的守护程序在他们自己的虚拟终端连接(VTY)下运行，所以你的系统必须知道这些虚拟终端连接。这里是你应该增加的一些连接∶

zebrasrv 2600/tcp # zebra servicezebra 2601/tcp # zebra vtyripd 2602/tcp # RIPd vtyripngd 2603/tcp # RIPngd vtyospfd 2604/tcp # OSPFd vtybgpd 2605/tcp # BGPd vtyospf6d 2606/tcp # OSPF6d vty配置 Zebra

如果你已经熟悉 Cisco IOS，那你就能在短时间内掌握 Zebra，因为你会发现两者极为相似。Zebra 的每个守护程序使用一个单独的 VTY，这些 VTY 可以通过一个远程登录会话进行动态配置。所以，如果你需要设置 OSPF，简单地远程登录到该 Linux 上 2604 端口；为了修改内核的路由表或设置路由协议间的再分发，你可以远程登录到端口 2601，该 Zebra 守护程序充当内核管理器，管理其他的守护程序和系统本身之间的通信。

现在介绍如何在一个服务器上创建和运行 OSPF 和 BGP。Zebra 的守护程序运用纯文本文件储存它们的配置。对于 OSPF/BGP 路由器，将用到三个文件∶zebra.conf、ospfd.conf 和 bgpd.conf。举例来说，zebra.conf 文件可能会是这样:

! Zebra configuration saved from vty! 2002/02/28 01:46:12!hostname LinuxRouter /*主机名为 LinuxRouter*/password zebra /*口令为 zebra*/enable password z3bRa /*进入特权模式时的口令为 z3bRa */log file /var/log/zebra/zebra.log /*日志文件的地址*/!interface eth0 /*以太接口 eth0*/ description Interface to External Network/*对接口的描述*/ ip address 10.0.0.1/24 /*该接口的 IP 地址*/!interface eth1/*以太接口 eth0*/ description Interface to Internal Network/*对接口的描述*/ ip address 192.168.66.1/24/*该接口的 IP 地址*/ 这里的感叹号充当注解标识或分隔符。尽管存在大量不同的网络接口类型(Ethernet、ISDN 等等)，但只要是 Linux 内核能够辨认的网络接口类型，Zebra 都可以使用。

子网掩码都带有网络位的位数(例如/24)，默认掩码则不然（比如 255.255.255.0）。注意存在两个口令，一个用于用户模式而另一个用于特权模式。这不仅有利于向非管理员提供访问权限，而且对于创建路由服务器或者路由探测镜也是非常重要的。所有 BGP 管理员都知道，这些探测镜是调试路由问题的关键，因为他们能够使你就象从一个外部 AS( AS代表自治系统)一样查看路由。 BGP 路由需要用到 AS 编号，AS 编号是一些由 ARIN (美国互联网络号码注册机构)控制的注册号码。

下一步将启动一些必要的程序。用以下命令完成∶

/usr/sbin/zebra -dk/usr/sbin/ospfd -d/usr/sbin/bgpd -d第一个命令，启动 zebra，该守护程序实际上用来更新内核的路由表。-dk 告诉该程序作为一个守护程序运行(d)，它的大部分时间在后台运行。k 是另外的一个选项，告诉 Zebra 维护所有已配置的路由。它用来保证在你测试 Zebra 的时候不会意外地删除路由表。一般情况下，设置路由和接口，需要将 ifconfig 和 route 这两个命令配合使用。而 Zebra 完全可以替代这种路由管理方式，使用起来更为简洁。

设置OSPF

至此，基本的服务已经具备，现在让我们 Telnet 到本地机器的 2604 端口，开始配置 OSPF。为进入特权模式，键入 enable (正如在Cisco IOS 中一样)，然后键入特权模式口令。接下来，用 configuration terminal 命令切换到配置模式。值得一提的是 Zebra 也能接受命令缩写形式，这与 Cisco 极为相似，如 configuration terminal 可以简写为 config t，这大大缩短了输入时间，使用起来更为方便。另外，如果输入 list 和 ?，它将显示一个当前可用命令的清单，并附有一些简略解释。除此之外，还可以键入 tab 用于命令的自动完成。这就是说，如果你想键入命令 clock，只要键入前两个字母 cl 然后按 tab 键，机器就会自动"补全"这条命令--前提是你键入的字符足以唯一地确定这条命令。这是一个很好的功能，尤其是当你习惯于这种用法时。

接下来，我们还需要告诉守护程序将通过 OSPF 广播哪些网络以及相关的域（area）。OSPF 的可伸缩性允许它支持多个域。键入 router ospf 开始配置 OSPF，然后键入 network 192.168.66.0/24 area 0。这告诉路由器，我们将使用 OSPF 广播一个子网掩码为 255.255.255.0 的 192.168.66.0 网络。

在本例中，我们让 eth0 接口变成一个被动（passive）接口，以便使它不能发送路由更新。这对于实验是非常重要的，因为在那个方向上的其他的路由器可能监听到发送的路由更新，将接口变成一个被动（passive）接口，从而有效的避免扰乱网络的正常运行。为此，键入命令 passive - interface eth0。如果打算将此路由器作为工作路由器使用时，就没有这个必要了。一旦你完成修改，用 end 命令从配置模式中退出，然后用 write file 命令保存。这里是一个快照：

labrat:~# telnet 0 2604 /*Telnet 到本地机器的 2604 端口*/Trying 0.0.0.0...Connected to 0.Escape character is '^]'. /*用 '^]'退出该会话*/ Hello, this is zebra (version 0.84b)Copyright 1996-2000 Kunihiro Ishiguro User Access Verification Password: /*在此键入口令，如 zebra*/ospfd> enable/*进入特权模式*/Password: /*输入特权模式口令，如 z3bRa*/ospfd# configure terminal /*从终端配置路由器*/ospfd(config)# router ospf /*配置 OSPF*/ospfd(config-router)# network 192.168.66.0/24 area 0 /*通过 OSPF 广播网络 network 192.168.66.0，/24 指出子网掩码为 24 位，area 0 指出该网络所在的域*/ospfd(config-router)# passive-interface eth0 /*将 eth0 接口设置成一个被动（passive）接口*/ospfd(config-router)# end /*退出配置模式*/ospfd# write file /*保存修改*/Configuration saved to /etc/zebra/ospfd.conf请记住，为了让 OSPF 或 BGP 在某接口上工作，那么该接口必须处于"运行"状态。为手工运行一个接口，登录到端口 2601 并且在该接口上执行 no shut 命令。

建立 BGP

BGP 与 OSPF 的配置大致相同。开始，打开一个远程登录会话到端口 2605。之后执行 configure terminal，输入 router bgp 进入 BGP 配置模式。如前所述，BGP 使用 AS 编号建立邻机关系并路由通信流。在我们的试验中，我们将使用一个范围在 64512 到 65534 之间的私有 AS 号码（换句话说，该号码旨在机构内部有效，而在因特网上无效）。用 network 命令设置由 BGP 广播的那些网络，如 network 192.168.66.0/24.。与 OSPF 不同的是，BGP 邻机必须静态指定。如同下述∶neighbor remote-as 。这里是一个范例：

labrat:~# telnet 0 2605Trying 0.0.0.0...Connected to 0.Escape character is '^]'. Hello, this is zebra (version 0.84b)Copyright 1996-2000 Kunihiro Ishiguro User Access Verification Password:bgpd> enablePassword:bgpd# configure terminalbgpd(config)# router bgp 65530 /*配置 BGP，65530 是自治系统编号。也就是将该系统配置成自治系统 65530 上的外部网关*/bgpd(config-router)# network 192.168.66.0/24 /*由 BGP 广播的网络*/bgpd(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.5 remote-as 65531 /*静态指定自治系统 65531 上 IP 地址为 10.0.0.5 的路由器为本机的邻机*/bgpd(config-router)# endbgpd# write fileConfiguration saved to /etc/zebra/bgpd.conf对于 OSPF 和 BGP，有大量选项可用，限于篇幅不能在此一一介绍。对于每个协议，我建议在实际使用之前，不妨先研究一番。为此，可以参考 GNU Zebra 文档，它会给你提供许多帮助。

结束语

在网络中，路由通信流的方法有若干种。就路由器而论,虽然有用各种硬件可用,但是费用较高--人们自然就会想到运行一个用 Linux 系统构筑的功能丰富的路由器作为代替。Zebra 路由守护程序已经使这一切变为现实。因为支持 IPv4、IPv6 和其它各式各样的协议，所以 Zebra 能够满足我们所有的路由需求。它还有一个好处就是，因为 Cisco IOS 和 Zabra 极为相似，如果你以前在 Cisco IOS 环境中工作，可以轻松的过渡到 Zebra 系统；同时，使用 Zebra 也能让你积累起丰富的类似于使用 Cisco IOS 路由器的经验和知识。

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