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$ls -l /usr/bin/sudo
---s--x--x 2 root root 106832 02-12 17:41 /usr/bin/sudo

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sudo -K | -L | -V | -h | -k | -l | -v

sudo [-HPSb] [-a auth_type] [-c class|-] [-p prompt] [-u username|#uid] {-e file [...] | -i | -s | command}

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ÅäÖÃsudo±ØÐëͨ¹ý±à¼­/etc/sudoersÎļþ£¬¶øÇÒÖ»Óг¬¼¶Óû§²Å¿ÉÒÔÐÞ¸ÄËü£¬»¹±ØÐëʹÓÃvisudo±à¼­¡£Ö®ËùÒÔʹÓÃvisudoÓÐÁ½¸öÔ­Òò£¬Ò»ÊÇËüÄܹ»·ÀÖ¹Á½¸öÓû§Í¬Ê±ÐÞ¸ÄËü£»¶þÊÇËüÒ²ÄܽøÐÐÓÐÏÞµÄÓï·¨¼ì²é¡£ËùÒÔ£¬¼´Ê¹Ö»ÓÐÄãÒ»¸ö³¬¼¶Óû§£¬ÄãÒ²×îºÃÓÃvisudoÀ´¼ì²éÒ»ÏÂÓï·¨¡£

visudoĬÈϵÄÊÇÔÚviÀï´ò¿ªÅäÖÃÎļþ£¬ÓÃviÀ´ÐÞ¸ÄÎļþ¡£ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÔÚ±àÒëʱÐÞ¸ÄÕâ¸öĬÈÏÏî¡£visudo²»»áÉÃ×Ô±£´æ´øÓÐÓï·¨´íÎóµÄÅäÖÃÎļþ£¬Ëü»áÌáʾÄã³öÏÖµÄÎÊÌ⣬²¢Ñ¯ÎʸÃÈçºÎ´¦Àí£¬¾ÍÏñ£º

>>> sudoers file: syntax error, line 22 <<<
What now? e

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ÏÖÔÚ£¬ÎÒÃÇÒ»ÆðÀ´¿´Ò»ÏÂÉñÃصÄÅäÖÃÎļþ£¬Ñ§Ò»ÏÂÈçºÎ±àдËü¡£ÈÃÎÒÃÇ´ÓÒ»¸ö¼òµ¥µÄÀý×Ó¿ªÊ¼£ºÈÃÓû§foobar¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýsudoÖ´ÐÐËùÓÐroot¿ÉÖ´ÐеÄÃüÁî¡£ÒÔrootÉí·ÝÓÃvisudo´ò¿ªÅäÖÃÎļþ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½ÀàËÆÏÂÃ漸ÐУº

# Runas alias specification

# User privilege specification
root ALL=(ALL) ALL

ÎÒÃÇÒ»¿´¾ÍÃ÷°×¸ö²î²»¶àÁË£¬rootÓÐËùÓÐȨÏÞ£¬Ö»Òª·ÂÕÕÏÖÓÐrootµÄÀý×Ó¾ÍÐУ¬ÎÒÃÇÔÚÏÂÃæ¼ÓÒ»ÐУ¨×îºÃÓÃtab×÷Ϊ¿Õ°×£©£º

foobar ALL=(ALL) ALL

±£´æÍ˳öºó£¬Çл»µ½foobarÓû§£¬ÎÒÃÇÓÃËüµÄÉí·ÝÖ´ÐÐÃüÁ

[foobar@localhost ~]$ ls /root
ls: /root: ȨÏÞ²»¹»
[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo ls /root
Password:
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log install.log.syslog

ºÃÁË£¬ÎÒÃÇÏÞÖÆÒ»ÏÂfoobarµÄȨÀû£¬²»ÈÃËûΪËùÓûΪ¡£±ÈÈçÎÒÃÇÖ»ÏëÈÃËûÏñrootÄÇÑùʹÓÃlsºÍifconfig£¬°ÑÄÇÒ»ÐиÄΪ£º

foobar localhost= /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ls

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[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo head -5 /etc/shadow
Password:
Sorry, user foobar is not allowed to execute '/usr/bin/head -5 /etc/shadow' as root on localhost.localdomain.
[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo /sbin/ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:14:85:EC:E9:9B
...

ÏÖÔÚÈÃÎÒÃÇÀ´¿´Ò»ÏÂÄÇÈý¸öALLµ½µ×ÊÇʲôÒâ˼¡£µÚÒ»¸öALLÊÇÖ¸ÍøÂçÖеÄÖ÷»ú£¬ÎÒÃǺóÃæ°ÑËü¸Ä³ÉÁËÖ÷»úÃû£¬ËüÖ¸Ã÷ foobar¿ÉÒÔÔÚ´ËÖ÷»úÉÏÖ´ÐкóÃæµÄÃüÁî¡£µÚ¶þ¸öÀ¨ºÅÀïµÄALLÊÇָĿ±êÓû§£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÒÔË­µÄÉí·ÝÈ¥Ö´ÐÐÃüÁî¡£×îºóÒ»¸ö ALLµ±È»¾ÍÊÇÖ¸ÃüÁîÃûÁË¡£ÀýÈ磬ÎÒÃÇÏëÈÃfoobarÓû§ÔÚlinuxÖ÷»úÉÏÒÔjimmy»òreneµÄÉí·ÝÖ´ÐÐkillÃüÁÕâÑù±àдÅäÖÃÎļþ£º

foobar linux=(jimmy,rene) /bin/kill

µ«Õ⻹ÓиöÎÊÌ⣬foobarµ½µ×ÒÔjimmy»¹ÊÇreneµÄÉí·ÝÖ´ÐУ¿ÕâʱÎÒÃÇÓ¦¸ÃÏëµ½ÁËsudo -uÁË£¬ËüÕýÊÇÓÃÔÚÕâÖÖʱºò¡£ foobar¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃsudo -u jimmy kill PID»òÕßsudo -u rene kill PID£¬µ«ÕâÑùͦÂé·³£¬ÆäʵÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ²»±Øÿ´Î¼Ó-u£¬°Ñrene»òjimmyÉèΪĬÈϵÄÄ¿±êÓû§¼´¿É¡£ÔÙÔÚÉÏÃæ¼ÓÒ»ÐУº

Defaults:foobar runas_default=rene

DefaultsºóÃæÈç¹ûÓÐðºÅ£¬ÊǶԺóÃæÓû§µÄĬÈÏ£¬Èç¹ûûÓУ¬ÔòÊǶÔËùÓÐÓû§µÄĬÈÏ¡£¾ÍÏñÅäÖÃÎļþÖÐ×Ô´øµÄÒ»ÐУº

Defaults env_reset

ÁíÒ»¸öÎÊÌâÊÇ£¬ºÜ¶àʱºò£¬ÎÒÃDZ¾À´¾ÍµÇ¼ÁË£¬Ã¿´ÎʹÓÃsudo»¹ÒªÊäÈëÃÜÂë¾ÍÏԵ÷³ËöÁË¡£ÎÒÃǿɲ»¿ÉÒÔ²»ÔÙÊäÈëÃÜÂëÄØ£¿µ±È»¿ÉÒÔ£¬ÎÒÃÇÕâÑùÐÞ¸ÄÅäÖÃÎļþ£º

foobar localhost=NOPASSWD: /bin/cat, /bin/ls

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[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo ls /root
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log install.log.syslog

µ±È»£¬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔ˵¡°Ä³Ð©ÃüÁîÓû§foobar²»¿ÉÒÔÔËÐС±£¬Í¨¹ýʹÓÃ!²Ù×÷·û£¬µ«Õâ²»ÊÇÒ»¸öºÃÖ÷Òâ¡£ÒòΪ£¬ÓÃ!²Ù×÷·ûÀ´´ÓALLÖС°ÌÞ³ö¡±Ò»Ð©ÃüÁîÒ»°ãÊÇûʲôЧ¹ûµÄ£¬Ò»¸öÓû§ÍêÈ«¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÄǸöÃüÁ±´µ½±ðµÄµØ·½£¬»»Ò»¸öÃû×ÖºóÔÙÀ´ÔËÐС£

ËÄ. ÈÕÖ¾Ó밲ȫ

sudoΪ°²È«¿¼ÂǵúÜÖܵ½£¬²»½ö¿ÉÒԼǼÈÕÖ¾£¬»¹ÄÜÔÚÓбØҪʱÏòϵͳ¹ÜÀíÔ±±¨¸æ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬sudoµÄÈÕÖ¾¹¦Äܲ»ÊÇ×Ô¶¯µÄ£¬±ØÐëÓɹÜÀíÔ±¿ªÆô¡£ÕâÑùÀ´×ö£º

# touch /var/log/sudo
# vi /etc/syslog.conf

ÔÚsyslog.conf×îºóÃæ¼ÓÒ»ÐУ¨±ØÐëÓÃtab·Ö¸î¿ª£©²¢±£´æ£º

local2.debug /var/log/sudo

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ps aux | grep syslogd

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kill -HUP PID

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[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo ls /root
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log install.log.syslog
$cat /var/log/sudo
Jul 28 22:52:54 localhost sudo: foobar : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/home/foobar ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/ls /root

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[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo cat /etc/shadow > /dev/null
[foobar@localhost ~]$ cat /var/log/sudo
...
Jul 28 23:10:24 localhost sudo: foobar : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/home/foobar ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/cat /etc/shadow

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[foobar@localhost ~]$ sudo ls /root > /etc/shadow
bash: /etc/shadow: ȨÏÞ²»¹»

sudoÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄ·½Ê½À´±£»¤°²È«¡£ÒÔrootµÄÉí·ÝÖ´ÐÐsudo -V£¬²é¿´Ò»ÏÂsudoµÄÉèÖá£ÒòΪ¿¼Âǵ½°²È«ÎÊÌ⣬һ²¿·Ö»·¾³±äÁ¿²¢Ã»Óд«µÝ¸øsudoºóÃæµÄÃüÁ»òÕß±»¼ì²éºóÔÙ´«µÝµÄ£¬±ÈÈ磺PATH£¬HOME£¬SHELLµÈ¡£µ±È»£¬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýsudoersÀ´ÅäÖÃÕâЩ»·¾³±äÁ¿¡£

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